Gundhigga Cilmibaarista (Research Paradigm)
Dadka iska caadiga ah falsafadda way ka maarmi karaan haddii ay doonaan, balse dadka sameeya cilmibaarista sare sida ardayda Phd-ga ah waxay ku khasban yihiin in ay fahan falsafadeed u yeeshaan mas'alooyinka ay baaritaanka ku samaynayaan, ama aan iraahdee gundhig cilmibaaris (research paradigm) oo laga soo dhiraandhiriyay aasaasiyaadka falsafadda waa inay adeegsadaan.
Metelan waxaa ugu caansan saddex gundhig oo si aasaasi ah wax loogu dul dhiso marka cilmibaarista sare mafaahiimteeda la qaabeynayo, siiba cilmiga bulshada (social sciences). Inta aanan saddexdaas u galin aynu isla fahanno gundhigga cilmibaaristu waxa uu yahay. Waxaan ka hadlayo ma ahan habraac cilmibaaris (research methodology) - oo isagu ah arrin farsamo; gundhigga cilmibaaristu waa xayndaabka feker ee cilmibaaristaadu ku dul wareegayso. Xayndaabkaasna waxa uu ka dhashaa mawqifyada aad ka kala qaadato labada su'aal ee aasaasiga ah: 1. Maxaa jira (ontology)? Iyo, 2. Sidee loo ogaan karaa waxaa jira (epistemology)?
Wax baad cilmibaaris ku samaynaysaa soo maaha, kasoo qaad "X", haddaba marka su'aasha koowaad la joogo (ontology ahaan) "X" ma hal wax oo sugan baa? Mise waa wax tiro badan? Mise waa wax lagu kala duwanaan karo oo meelo kala duwan laga istaagi karo?
Haddaba su'aasha labaad imow (epistemology ahaan), "X" ma hal wax oo la cabbiri karo oo meel loogu hagaago leh baa? Mise waa wax tiro badan oo in fasiraado laga qaato maahane aan si kale lagu fahmi karin? Mise waa wax lagu kala duwanaan karo oo si loo fahmo u baahan agab kala duwan iyo hababkii markaas shaqaynaya in loo adeegsado si loo fahmo?
Haddaba saddexdaas ontoloojiyadda ah iyo saddexdaas ibistimoolajiyadda ah marka la israac-raacsho waxaa ka dhasha gundhig cilmibaaris (research paradigm); ama mawqifyo feker oo cad cad oo mas'alada waxa ay tahay aasaasi ahaan iyo sida loo ogaan karaba caddeynaysa. Waa kuwaan saddexda gundhig cilmibaariseed ee ka dhalanaya arrinkaas:
1. Positivism: habkaan marka aad adeegsanayso waxaad ku fekeraysaa in xaqiiqadu aasaasi ahaan ama ontoloojiyad ahaan (ontological) ay tahay hal nooc ama hal wax oo sugan; dhanka kalana leh qaabab si sugan loogu dersi karo ama ibistimoolajiyad ahaan (epistemological) loogu fahmi karo. Yacnii xaqiiqadu waa wax sugan oo sideeda loo cabbiri karo, loo na fahmi karo.
2. Constructivism: habkaan marka aad adeegsanayso waxaad ku fekeraysaa in xaqiiqadu aasaasi ahaan (ontological) ay noocyo badan tahay hal waxna aysan ahayn; dhanka kalana (epistemological) ay u baahan tahay in fasiraad laga qaato ee aan sideedii oo sugan loo fahmi karin.
3. Pragmatism: habkaan marka aad adeegsanayso waxaad ku fekeraysaa in xaqiiqadu ay aasaasi ahaan (ontological) tahay wax lagu kala duwanaan karo, doodo kala duwan laga qabi karo, siyaabo kala duwan loo fasiri karo - muhiimadduna tahay wixii markaas kuu shaqaynaya; dhanka kalana (epistemological) lagu fahmi karo ama lagu dersi karo hababka ugu hagaagsan ee la heli karo, natiijada ugu fiicanna soo saari kara, si nuxurka iyo micnaha loo fahmo.
Waan soo koobay mawduucaan wuu ballaaran yahay, xitaa saddexdaan ayaa laamo sii yeesha, balse waa saddexda ugu caansan si guud marka loo eegana fahanka soo dhaweyn kara.
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